warfarin
Warfarin (Coumadin) is a blood thinner (anticoagulant). It's used to prevent and treat blood clots in adults and children with conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Warfarin (Coumadin) is taken by mouth, typically once daily. Your provider will adjust the dose based on your international normalized ratio (INR). Taking too much warfarin (Coumadin) can lead to side effects like bruising and serious bleeding. If needed, your provider can give you an antidote to reverse the effects of warfarin (Coumadin).
What is Warfarin (Coumadin)?
What is Warfarin (Coumadin) used for?
- Prevention and treatment blood clots in the veins
- Prevention and treatment blood clots linked to atrial fibrillation (AFib) or heart valve replacement
- Prevention of more blood clots and to lower risk of death after a heart attack
How Warfarin (Coumadin) works
Warfarin (Coumadin) is a blood thinner. It's also known as a vitamin K antagonist, meaning it stops vitamin K from working properly. Your body typically uses vitamin K to make blood clots. Warfarin (Coumadin) prevents blood clots from forming by blocking vitamin K.
Drug facts
More on Warfarin (Coumadin) essentials
Side effects of Warfarin (Coumadin)
The following side effects may get better over time as your body gets used to the medication. Let your healthcare provider know immediately if you continue to experience these symptoms or if they worsen over time.
Common Side Effects
- Bleeding
- Bruising
Less Common Side Effects
- Rash
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Chills
- Itching
- Change in taste
Warfarin (Coumadin) serious side effects
Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following.
- Severe bleeding: feeling faint, lightheaded, dizziness, vomiting blood, bloody or dark-colored stools, severe stomach pain or discomfort
- Calcium build-up in the blood vessels (calciphylaxis): skin discoloration, skin sores, painful lumps in the skin, skin infections
- Skin or tissue death and gangrene: skin discoloration (especially darkened skin color), swelling, blisters, sudden and severe pain in skin, numbness
More on Warfarin (Coumadin) side effects
The following Warfarin (Coumadin) side effects have also been reported
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Less common
Bleeding gums
blood in the urine
bloody stools
blurred vision
burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings
chest pain or discomfort
confusion
coughing up blood
difficulty with breathing or swallowing
dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position
excessive bruising
headache
increased menstrual flow or vaginal bleeding
nosebleeds
paralysis
peeling of the skin
prolonged bleeding from cuts
red or black, tarry stools
red or dark brown urine
stomach pain with cramping
sweating
unexplained swelling
unusual tiredness or weakness
Rare
Arm, back, or jaw pain
blue-green to black skin discoloration
blue or purple toes
change in consciousness
chest tightness or heaviness
chills
clay-colored stools
dizziness
fainting or loss of consciousness
fast or irregular breathing
fast or irregular heartbeat
itching or skin rash
light-colored stools
loss of appetite
pain in the toes
pain, redness, or sloughing of the skin
pale skin
purplish red, net-like, blotchy spots on the skin
skin blisters
small red or purple spots on the skin
stomach pain
swelling of the eyes or eyelids
troubled breathing with exertion
unpleasant breath odor
unusual bleeding or bruising
upper right stomach pain
vomiting of blood
yellow eyes and skin
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Rare
Bloated
change in taste, or bad, unusual, or unpleasant (after) taste
cold intolerance
excess air or gas in the stomach or intestines
full feeling
general feeling of discomfort or illness
hair loss or thinning of the hair
hives or welts
lack or loss of strength
passing gas
red, sore, or itching skin
sores, welting, or blisters
unusual drowsiness, dullness, or feeling of sluggishness
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
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Pros and cons of Warfarin (Coumadin)
Pros
- Each strength of tablet is a unique color, making it easy to tell them apart
- Only needs to be taken once a day
- Has an antidote available in case of an emergency
- Available as a lower-cost generic
Cons
- Only prevents new blood clots from forming or getting bigger; it doesn't work on existing blood clots
- Requires regular blood draws to check INR levels
- Interacts with foods and many commonly-prescribed medications
- Not safe to take during pregnancy
Pharmacist tips for Warfarin (Coumadin)
- Mark your calendar with your appointments to see your provider and get any blood work done (e.g., INR, blood cell count). This will help make sure the medication is working well for you and you're not having side effects.
- You can take warfarin (Coumadin) with or without food. If it's hurting your stomach, taking it with food can help.
- Be consistent with the time of day you take your warfarin (Coumadin) dose as well as how much vitamin K-rich foods you eat. This will help make sure you respond to the medication well and that your INR result is where it should be. Talk to your provider if you have significant changes in your diet, health, or timing of your doses. You might need to get your INR checked sooner.
- Take warfarin (Coumadin) exactly as your provider tells you. Make sure you know your prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) dose and the tablet sizes you have. It's possible you might need to take more than one strength, have to split tablets in half, or skip doses on certain days of the week. Ask your provider if you're not sure what your warfarin (Coumadin) dose is.
- Warfarin (Coumadin) can make you bleed and bruise more easily. Be careful with high-impact activities or sports while taking this medication and for 5 days after your last dose. Stop taking the medication and get medical help right away if you feel lightheaded, dizzy, are vomiting or coughing up blood, or have blood in your stool. These are signs of bleeding that might be happening in your body.
- Get medical help right away if you fall and hit your head, especially if you feel dizzy or have a headache. Your provider will want to check to make sure you don't have any brain bleeds.
- If you're going to have a dental procedure or surgery, make sure your dentist or surgeon knows you're taking warfarin (Coumadin) and which provider prescribed it for you. You might have to temporarily stop your warfarin (Coumadin) a few days before the procedure.
- Warfarin (Coumadin) can interact with many medications and supplements. Make sure your provider knows which medications you're taking, especially if you're taking a medication that can cause bleeding or supplements containing vitamin K. They might want to check your INR more often after you start anything new.
Common questions about Warfarin (Coumadin)
Yes, warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant (blood thinner). More specifically, it's a vitamin K antagonist that prevents blood clots by blocking vitamin K from working properly.
There aren't any specific foods that you must eat or must avoid while taking warfarin (Coumadin). The most important thing is to be consistent with how much vitamin K-rich foods you eat, such as spinach and brussel sprouts. This is because vitamin K affects how well warfarin (Coumadin) works. When you're consistent with your diet, your vitamin K levels stays more steady. If your make changes to your diet while taking warfarin (Coumadin), let your provider know because they will probably want to check your INR to make sure it's within a safe range.
Yes, you can eat eggs while taking warfarin (Coumadin). Eggs contain low levels of vitamin K. Eating eggs shouldn't affect how well warfarin (Coumadin) works.
Your provider might recommend you to take warfarin (Coumadin) in the evening. This is likely because blood draws for INR are often scheduled for the morning. If your provider want to make a dose change based on INR results, they can do so that same day if you take warfarin (Coumadin) in the evening. Research shows that taking warfarin (Coumadin) in the evening doesn't make it work any better. The most important thing is to take it at the same time every day. Figure out a time of the day that's most convenient for you to take warfarin (Coumadin) where you're likely to not miss doses. Otherwise, your INR might not be accurate, which can raise your risk for bleeds or clots.
Your provider will target a "goal" INR based on what medical condition you're taking warfarin (Coumadin) for. Typically, your provider will have you start on a dose of warfarin (Coumadin) ranging from 2 mg to 5 mg by mouth once a day. Then, they'll check your INR with blood draws after a few days. And once your INR becomes more stable, your provider will adjust the warfarin (Coumadin) dose as needed to stay within that "goal" INR. Keep in mind that different factors, like what food you're eating and what other medications you're taking, can also affect INR. So your provider will check INR regularly to make sure you're within a safe range.
Your provider will target a "goal" INR based on what medical condition you have. They'll check your INR level regularly to make sure it's not too high or low. If your INR level is too high, then you're more likely to have a serious bleed. Your provider might ask you to skip a few doses of warfarin (Coumadin) so that the INR level can go back down. If your INR level is too low, then you're at higher risk for blood clots and your provider will likely need to raise your warfarin (Coumadin) dose.
Your provider will give you an antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) if you've a high INR level and you're actively bleeding. The antidote is called prothrombin complex concentrate (Kcentra, Balfaxar). It contains proteins that help form blood clots in order to stop bleeding caused by too much warfarin (Coumadin). Since these proteins need vitamin K to work, your provider will likely also give you vitamin K (phytonadione) as well.
It takes about 1 to 3 days to start to see the effects of warfarin (Coumadin). But the maximum effect of warfarin (Coumadin) isn't seen until 5 to 7 days later. For this reason, providers typically wait a few days to see how your INR responds to warfarin (Coumadin) before adjusting the dose. It's important to take warfarin (Coumadin) exactly as prescribed and at the same time every day.
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Risks and warnings for Warfarin (Coumadin)
Warfarin (Coumadin) can cause some serious health issues. This risk may be even higher for certain groups. If this worries you, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about other options.
Severe or life-threatening bleeding
- Risk factors: Higher-than-recommended INR | Age greater than 65 years | Bleeding problems or injury | High blood pressure | Kidney or liver problems | Cancer | Taking other medications that raise your risk for bleeding | Drinking alcohol
Taking warfarin (Coumadin) can raise your risk for bleeds. Your provider will check your INR regularly to make sure it's within a safe range. Keep in mind that other medications and foods can interact with warfarin (Coumadin) and affect how well it works. Your provider might check your INR more often any time you start or stop a medication, or make changes to your diet.
Get immediate medical attention if you fall and hit your head so your care team can check for signs of bleeding on the inside of your body. Also, get help right away if you notice blood in your urine, have bright red or dark, tarry "coffee ground" stool, cough or vomit blood, or can't stop bleeding from a wound.
If you do have a serious bleed, your provider will give you prothrombin complex concentrate (Kcentra, Balfaxar) and vitamin K (phytonadione) to reverse the effects of warfarin (Coumadin).
Risk of blood clots from stopping too early
Don't skip doses or suddenly stop taking warfarin (Coumadin) unless your provider specifically told you it's safe to do so. This raises your risk of blood clots to form in your body. If you're wanting to stop warfarin (Coumadin), contact your provider so they can create a safe plan for you. Go to the hospital if you experience symptoms of blood clots, such as: - Stroke: sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, feeling confused, trouble speaking or understanding speech, dizziness, trouble keeping balance - Blood clot in the leg or arm: swelling or redness in arms or legs, skin that's warm to touch - Blood clot in the lungs: trouble breathing, chest pain, cough, irregular heartbeat
Risk of fat-containing clots
Taking warfarin (Coumadin) can raise your risk of clots made of fat to be released into your blood. Like blood clots, they can get trapped into smaller blood vessels and stop blood flow to important organs. The most commonly involved organs are the kidneys, pancreas, spleen, and liver. It can also happen in your feet, which can cause your toes to turn a dark purple or blue color (a problem called "purple toe syndrome"). If you notice any skin color changes after starting warfarin (Coumadin), talk to your provider right away, as you'll need to stop the medication.
Calcium build-up in blood vessels (calciphylaxis)
Although rare, warfarin (Coumadin) can cause a potentially serious and life-threatening condition called calciphylaxis. This is when calcium builds up in the blood vessels. When this happens, there's less room for blood to flow through your vessels. Symptoms include skin discoloration, skin sores, painful lumps in the skin, or skin infections. Seek medical help right away if you notice any significant skin changes while taking warfarin (Coumadin).
Skin or tissue death and risk of gangrene
- Risk factors: Use in people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or HIT with thrombosis syndrome (HITTS)
Although rare, taking warfarin (Coumadin) can cause blood flow problems to the skin, which can lead to skin tissue death (called necrosis) and gangrene. This side effect has been reported as early as within a few days of starting warfarin (Coumadin). While the cause isn't clear, it's likely related to clotting problems.
This side effect can also happen in people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is a severe reaction to heparin.
Seek medical help right away if you notice skin discoloration (especially darkened skin color), swelling, blisters, sudden and severe pain in skin, numbness. Your provider will likely ask you to stop taking warfarin (Coumadin).
Not for use during pregnancy
Warfarin (Coumadin) can cause birth defects and severe harm to babies and mothers. This medication shouldn't be used in pregnancy unless the benefit is clearly greater than the risk, such as in people who are at high risk for clots. Your provider might test you for pregnancy before starting warfarin (Coumadin). If you're able to become pregnant, use birth control (contraception) during, and for at least one month after, stopping warfarin (Coumadin). Talk to your provider right away if you become pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant.
Warfarin (Coumadin) dosage
Tablet| Dosage | Quantity | Price as low as | Price per unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg | 90 tablets | $10.00 | $0.11 |
| 2mg | 90 tablets | $10.00 | $0.11 |
| 2.5mg | 90 tablets | $10.00 | $0.11 |
| 3mg | 90 tablets | $10.00 | $0.11 |
| 4mg | 30 tablets | $4.00 | $0.13 |
| 5mg | 30 tablets | $4.00 | $0.13 |
| 6mg | 30 tablets | $4.00 | $0.13 |
| 7.5mg | 30 tablets | $4.00 | $0.13 |
| 10mg | 30 tablets | $4.00 | $0.13 |
Typical dosage for Warfarin (Coumadin)
- The typical starting dose ranges from 2 mg to 5 mg by mouth once daily. Your provider will adjust the dose based on your international normalized ratio (INR). The usual maintenance dose of warfarin (Coumadin) ranges from 2 mg to 10 mg once daily.
More on Warfarin (Coumadin) dosage
Interactions between Warfarin (Coumadin) and other drugs
More on Warfarin (Coumadin) interactions
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.
- Defibrotide
- Tamoxifen
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Abametapir
- Abciximab
- Aceclofenac
- Acemetacin
- Acenocoumarol
- Alefacept
- Alipogene Tiparvovec
- Allopurinol
- Alteplase, Recombinant
- Amiodarone
- Amoxicillin
- Ampicillin
- Amtolmetin Guacil
- Anagrelide
- Anistreplase
- Apalutamide
- Apixaban
- Aspirin
- Azithromycin
- Bemiparin
- Betrixaban
- Bicalutamide
- Bivalirudin
- Bromfenac
- Bufexamac
- Cabozantinib
- Capecitabine
- Caplacizumab-yhdp
- Capmatinib
- Carbenicillin
- Carboplatin
- Cefadroxil
- Cefdinir
- Cefepime
- Cefixime
- Cefotaxime
- Cefpodoxime
- Ceftaroline Fosamil
- Ceftazidime
- Ceftibuten
- Ceftizoxime
- Celecoxib
- Cephalexin
- Cephalothin
- Cephapirin
- Cephradine
- Ceritinib
- Chamomile
- Choline Salicylate
- Ciprofibrate
- Ciprofloxacin
- Citalopram
- Clarithromycin
- Clonixin
- Clopidogrel
- Cloxacillin
- Cobicistat
- Collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum
- Cyclophosphamide
- Dabigatran Etexilate
- Dabrafenib
- Daclatasvir
- Dalteparin
- Danaparoid
- Dapsone
- Dasabuvir
- Deferasirox
- Desvenlafaxine
- Dexibuprofen
- Dexketoprofen
- Diclofenac
- Dicloxacillin
- Diflunisal
- Dihydroartemisinin
- Dipyridamole
- Dipyrone
- Doxifluridine
- Doxorubicin
- Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome
- Dronedarone
- Drotrecogin Alfa
- Droxicam
- Econazole
- Edoxaban
- Efavirenz
- Elbasvir
- Elvitegravir
- Enoxacin
- Enoxaparin
- Entacapone
- Enzalutamide
- Eptifibatide
- Erlotinib
- Erythromycin
- Escitalopram
- Etodolac
- Etofenamate
- Etoposide
- Etoricoxib
- Etravirine
- Felbinac
- Fenofibrate
- Fenofibric Acid
- Fenoprofen
- Fepradinol
- Feprazone
- Fish Oil
- Floctafenine
- Fluconazole
- Flufenamic Acid
- Fluorouracil
- Fluoxetine
- Flurbiprofen
- Fluvoxamine
- Fosnetupitant
- Garlic
- Gatifloxacin
- Gemcitabine
- Gemifloxacin
- Ginkgo
- Glucagon
- Grazoprevir
- Ibrutinib
- Ibuprofen
- Iloprost
- Imatinib
- Indomethacin
- Infliximab
- Influenza Virus Vaccine
- Inotersen
- Itraconazole
- Ivosidenib
- Ketoconazole
- Ketoprofen
- Ketorolac
- Ledipasvir
- Leflunomide
- Lepirudin
- Letermovir
- Levocarnitine
- Levofloxacin
- Levomilnacipran
- Linezolid
- Lomitapide
- Lornoxicam
- Loxoprofen
- Lumiracoxib
- Lycium
- Marijuana
- Mechlorethamine
- Meclofenamate
- Mefenamic Acid
- Megestrol
- Meloxicam
- Mercaptopurine
- Methicillin
- Methotrexate
- Methyl Salicylate
- Metronidazole
- Miconazole
- Milnacipran
- Mirtazapine
- Morniflumate
- Moxalactam
- Moxifloxacin
- Nabumetone
- Nadroparin
- Nafcillin
- Nalidixic Acid
- Nandrolone
- Naproxen
- Nepafenac
- Netupitant
- Niflumic Acid
- Nilotinib
- Nimesulide
- Nimesulide Beta Cyclodextrin
- Nintedanib
- Nitisinone
- Norfloxacin
- Noscapine
- Obeticholic Acid
- Ofloxacin
- Omadacycline
- Ombitasvir
- Oritavancin
- Orlistat
- Oseltamivir
- Oxacillin
- Oxaliplatin
- Oxandrolone
- Oxaprozin
- Oxyphenbutazone
- Oxypurinol
- Papaya
- Parecoxib
- Paritaprevir
- Paroxetine
- Peginterferon Alfa-2b
- Penicillin G
- Penicillin V
- Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
- Phenindione
- Phenprocoumon
- Phenylbutazone
- Piketoprofen
- Piperacillin
- Piracetam
- Piroxicam
- Pixantrone
- Posaconazole
- Pranoprofen
- Prasugrel
- Procarbazine
- Proglumetacin
- Proguanil
- Propyphenazone
- Proquazone
- Regorafenib
- Reteplase, Recombinant
- Ribavirin
- Rivaroxaban
- Rofecoxib
- Ropinirole
- Rosuvastatin
- Roxithromycin
- Rucaparib
- Sarecycline
- Secnidazole
- Selumetinib
- Sertraline
- Simeprevir
- Simvastatin
- Sitaxsentan
- Sofosbuvir
- St John's Wort
- Streptokinase
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Sulfisoxazole
- Sulindac
- Sultamicillin
- Tan-Shen
- Tegafur
- Telithromycin
- Tenecteplase
- Tenoxicam
- Teriflunomide
- Testosterone
- Tiaprofenic Acid
- Ticarcillin
- Ticlopidine
- Tinzaparin
- Tirofiban
- Tocophersolan
- Tolfenamic Acid
- Tolmetin
- Torsemide
- Trazodone
- Treprostinil
- Urokinase
- Valdecoxib
- Valproic Acid
- Velpatasvir
- Venlafaxine
- Vilazodone
- Vincristine
- Vincristine Sulfate Liposome
- Vindesine
- Vorapaxar
- Voriconazole
- Vortioxetine
- Voxilaprevir
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Acarbose
- Acetaminophen
- Aminoglutethimide
- Amitriptyline
- Amprenavir
- Apazone
- Aprepitant
- Argatroban
- Atovaquone
- Azathioprine
- Balsalazide
- Bee Pollen
- Benorilate
- Benzbromarone
- Bosentan
- Butabarbital
- Butalbital
- Carbamazepine
- Carbimazole
- Cefamandole
- Cefazolin
- Ceftriaxone
- Chitosan
- Chloral Hydrate
- Chlorthalidone
- Cholestyramine
- Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate
- Chondroitin
- Cimetidine
- Cisapride
- Cisplatin
- Coenzyme Q10
- Colesevelam
- Curcumin
- Cyclosporine
- Danazol
- Desogestrel
- Dexamethasone
- Dexlansoprazole
- Dienogest
- Disopyramide
- Disulfiram
- Dong Quai
- Doxepin
- Drospirenone
- Duloxetine
- Eslicarbazepine Acetate
- Esomeprazole
- Estradiol
- Eterobarb
- Ethinyl Estradiol
- Ethynodiol
- Exenatide
- Felbamate
- Fluoxymesterone
- Fluvastatin
- Fosaprepitant
- Gefitinib
- Gemfibrozil
- Gestodene
- Ginger
- Ginseng
- Glucosamine
- Glyburide
- Griseofulvin
- Heparin
- Ifosfamide
- Indoprofen
- Isoniazid
- Isoxicam
- Ivermectin
- Lactulose
- Lansoprazole
- Levamisole
- Levonorgestrel
- Lopinavir
- Melatonin
- Menatetrenone
- Menthol
- Mephobarbital
- Mesalamine
- Mesna
- Mestranol
- Methimazole
- Methylprednisolone
- Methyltestosterone
- Methylthiouracil
- Mitotane
- Moricizine
- Nelfinavir
- Nevirapine
- Niacin
- Nilutamide
- Nomegestrol
- Norethindrone
- Norgestimate
- Norgestrel
- Omeprazole
- Pantoprazole
- Pentoxifylline
- Phenobarbital
- Phytonadione
- Polyacrylamide
- Potassium Iodide
- Prednisone
- Primidone
- Propafenone
- Propoxyphene
- Propylthiouracil
- Quetiapine
- Ranitidine
- Rifabutin
- Rifampin
- Rifapentine
- Ritonavir
- Salicylamide
- Salicylic Acid
- Salsalate
- Saquinavir
- Secobarbital
- Semaglutide
- Sodium Salicylate
- Sodium Thiosalicylate
- Sorafenib
- Stanozolol
- Sucralfate
- Sulfasalazine
- Sulfinpyrazone
- Tenidap
- Terbinafine
- Tigecycline
- Tolterodine
- Tramadol
- Trastuzumab
- Trolamine Salicylate
- Vancomycin
- Venetoclax
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin E
- Vorinostat
- Zafirlukast
- Zileuton
How much does Warfarin (Coumadin) cost?
Warfarin (Coumadin) contraindications
Contraindications are specific health conditions or situations in which a person should not take a medication due to safety concerns. If you have any of the following conditions or if any of the following apply to you, let your healthcare provider know because Warfarin (Coumadin) will not be safe for you to take.
- Pregnancy (except for those with artificial heart valves who are at risk for clots)
- Abortion or pregnancy complications (e.g., eclampsia or pre-eclampsia)
- Active bleeding, easily bleed, or bleeding problems
- Recent surgery, or having surgery soon, in the brain, spinal cord, eye, or trauma surgery that requires large open surfaces
- Inability to be consistent with taking warfarin (Coumadin)
- Spinal puncture, or other procedures with potential to cause uncontrolled bleeding
- Major regional or lumbar block anesthesia
- Severely high blood pressure (malignant hypertension)
What are alternatives to Warfarin (Coumadin)?
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