Key takeaways:
The FDA banned Red Dye No. 3 from the U.S. food and medication supply chain. This followed a 2023 California bill (the so-called “Skittles ban”) that banned four food additives found in many processed food products: Red Dye No. 3, potassium bromate, propylparaben, and brominated vegetable oil (BVO).
This means that from January 2027, no foods, beverages, or medications made or sold in the U.S. will contain Red Dye No. 3. Medication manufacturers will have until January 2028 to phase it out.
The FDA and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) also announced broader efforts to phase out petroleum-based synthetic food dyes (including Red Dye No. 40, Yellow Dyes No. 5 and No. 6, and others) from the nation’s food supply, especially in products aimed at children.
Safety concerns around food dyes and additives stem from animal studies that show a link to cancer and other health problems. There’s also research that suggests a link between artificial colors and hyperactivity in children.
The popular candy Skittles has been under fire for years over its ingredients. In 2023, the state of California targeted the candy for a potential ban due to concerns about one of its ingredients: titanium dioxide. The state didn’t end up banning titanium dioxide. Many groups opposed the ban, describing the additive as a generally safe ingredient.
But California did go on to ban four other additives (not found in Skittles):
Red Dye No. 3
Potassium bromate
Propylparaben
Brominated vegetable oil (BVO)
And in January 2025, the FDA banned one of these additives: Red Dye No. 3. Food manufacturers have until 2027 before they must eliminate the dye from their products. Medication manufacturers have until January 2028.
Soon after California’s move, the federal government began following suit. In early 2025, the FDA and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a broader plan to gradually remove petroleum-based synthetic dyes from the food supply, citing concerns over children’s health and behavioral issues. Only Red Dye No. 3 has been officially banned so far. However, the agencies signaled that other synthetic dyes — like Red Dye No. 40 and Yellow Dyes No. 5 and No. 6 — may be phased out next.
Sales of Skittles will continue for now. However, many other classic packaged candies and foods risk losing their spot on grocery store shelves across the U.S. — unless they’re made without these synthetic dyes. Here’s why.
Did California ban Skittles?
No, rather than banning Skittles or specific food items, California bill AB-148, or the California Food Safety Act, forbids the use of certain ingredients that have been linked to health problems. The California bill was passed into law in 2023 and will go into effect in 2027.
In an interview with Time magazine in early 2023, California assembly member Jesse Gabriel said that AB-418’s aim is to inspire food brands to use safer ingredients.
The banned ingredients are commonly used in products consumed by children, including Betty Crocker icings, Chips Ahoy! cookies, and some flavors of Trident sugar-free gum.
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“I feel like the ban is an appropriate proactive measure,” Sara Chatfield, RDN, a nutrition specialist at HealthCanal, told GoodRx Health. “We may not have all the facts about the quantity of these additives someone needs to ingest to cause harm. But I think there's enough evidence to warrant taking them out of foods.”
Are Skittles banned in other countries?
While it’s not quite a ban on Skittles, only a version of the candy made without titanium dioxide can be sold in the European Union (EU).
The EU banned titanium dioxide as a food additive in early 2022 due to concerns about its possible cancer-causing effects. But in November 2022, the Court of Justice of the European Union overturned the decision to label titanium dioxide a carcinogen. The court stated that the evidence wasn’t strong enough to issue this label. But titanium dioxide still remains banned as a food additive in the EU.
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Titanium dioxide is also banned in several Persian Gulf countries, including Qatar and Saudi Arabia, as well as Yemen.
Are Skittles bad for you?
Skittles, like all candies, are fine as an occasional treat. But they aren’t good for you. They’re high in sugar and corn syrup. In addition to titanium dioxide, they’re also packed full of artificial flavors and colors. Depending on the flavor and the color, these may include:
Yellow 5
Yellow 6
Blue 1
Blue 2
Do Skittles cause cancer?
We don’t know if the additives in Skittles and other processed items actually cause cancer, according to experts like Naomi Jean-Baptiste, MD.
“Consuming these substances in small amounts hasn’t been shown in studies to increase the risk of cancer,” Jean-Baptiste told GoodRx Health, referring to titanium dioxide and the four additives banned in California.
But eating too many ultra-processed foods that contain these ingredients could put you at a higher risk of developing cancer down the line.
In fact, a 2023 review of studies suggests that every 10% increase in how much ultra-processed foods a person eats is linked to a higher risk of cancer. In other words, as your intake of heavily processed foods goes up, so does your risk of developing cancer.
Are food additives harmful?
Here’s a closer look at some of the potential risks of the five food additives we’ve been discussing. Keep in mind, though, that these conclusions are drawn from animal and lab studies. Since there haven’t been human studies in this area, the effects that each additive may have on human health aren’t yet clear.
1. Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide is a chemical that makes things appear whiter or more vibrant. Apart from its use as a food additive, it’s also a widely used ingredient in cosmetics, paint and paper, and even medications.
Concerns around titanium dioxide stem from animal studies that have linked the chemical to cancer. Rats in these studies developed lung tumors after inhaling high amounts of the chemical.
“They also found that the chemical was linked to the potential of damaging DNA and possibly carcinogenic,” Kimberly Gomer, RD, LDN, told GoodRx of the studies.
As mentioned, there haven’t been studies on titanium dioxide involving humans. And the effects of consuming the additive through food are unclear, given the current research. However, these studies have still raised concerns among experts.
“The FDA does limit the use of titanium dioxide in food to 1% of the food’s weight. But completely banning and eliminating it may be the right thing to do,” Gomer said.
Food industry groups, like the National Confectioners Association, have opposed banning titanium dioxide. That opposition led California to leave the chemical out of bill AB-418. However, a petition from the Environmental Defense Fund and other health groups against titanium dioxide’s use in food is currently under review by the FDA.
2. Red Dye No. 3
The FDA finally banned Red Dye No. 3 from the U.S. food and medication supply in January 2025. Starting January 2027, all food and medication products made and imported to the U.S. will need to be free of this potentially harmful additive. Medication manufacturers have until January 2028.
This comes decades after the 1990 FDA ban of Red Dye No. 3 in cosmetics. The agency made this move after it discovered the ingredient caused thyroid cancer in laboratory rats when ingested at very high levels.
But despite decades of petitioning, Red Dye No. 3 continued to be allowed in food products in nearly every U.S. state, despite being banned in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It can currently be found in more than 3,000 items, according to the database of the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a nonprofit focused on improving people's health.
Before now, only California had made moves to ban the use of Red Dye No. 3 in food.
Both Chatfield and Gomer explain that research about the consumption of artificial food colorings shows a link between these dyes and increased hyperactivity and behavioral issues in children. However, to say that Red Dye No. 3 is a main cause of behavioral issues in kids may not be true. More research is needed on the ingredient to determine whether or not it has a significant impact on children.
3. Potassium bromate
According to the EWG, nearly 200 food products currently contain potassium bromate. This food additive is commonly found in bread products and helps dough rise higher.
“Potassium bromate has been identified as a possible carcinogen by several health agencies and organizations,” Chatfield said, referring to organizations such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Environmental Protection Agency.
She added that potassium bromate has also been “linked with liver, kidney, and neurological toxicity in animal studies.” But more research is needed to understand how consuming the chemical through food affects human health.
4. Propylparaben
Propylparaben is often found in baked goods, including some brands of corn and flour tortillas. The additive is also used as a preservative in cosmetics. But there’s a concern about propylparaben possibly causing cancer in humans.
One study reported that the DNA of human breast skin cells was damaged after exposure to the chemical. It’s important to note, however, that this study was conducted in a lab rather than on real people.
While researchers have shown that propylparaben can have toxic effects through animal and lab studies, evidence of it being toxic to humans hasn’t been established.
5. Brominated vegetable oil
Brominated vegetable oil, also known as BVO, is used in some citrus-flavored beverages to “help keep the citrus flavoring from floating to the top,” per the FDA.
The EU and Japan long ago banned BVO out of concern for its possible effects on human health. And, in November 2023, the FDA proposed banning the additive’s use in the U.S., concluding that it’s not safe for human consumption. This announcement came shortly after California’s ban on the chemical.
Some reports also suggest that bromine (a key part of BVO) may cause memory loss, nerve disorders, and even skin lesions in rats. Older research suggests a link between BVO consumption and fertility problems in rats.
Should you be concerned if you’ve eaten Skittles or other foods with similar ingredients?
Based on the available research, it’s not clear if additives found in Skittles and other foods are safe or unsafe. But the evidence does show that ultra-processed foods aren’t good for your health.
“People's overall health would likely improve if they weren’t allowed to consume highly processed foods and sweets,” Jean-Baptiste said.
It’s not always so easy to avoid ultra-processed foods, though. These products are made from commodity crops that are subsidized by the government. (Corn and soybeans, for instance, are used to make cheap sugars and oils found in heavily processed foods like Skittles.)
And, because they’re cheaper, they may be the only option for people with lower incomes. Research suggests people with higher levels of food insecurity are much more likely to eat ultra-processed foods.
If you’re concerned about the ingredients in Skittles and other processed items, Jean-Baptiste recommends carefully reading food labels. “Choose products that don’t contain synthetic coloring if you’re concerned about their impact on your well-being,” she said.
The EWG has also compiled a spreadsheet of grocery items containing titanium dioxide or one or more of the four additives banned by California.
The bottom line
The safety of Skittles has been a hot topic in California, owing to one of its ingredients — titanium dioxide — being linked to cancer in animal studies. But the evidence around titanium dioxide's cancer-causing effects in humans is still inconclusive.
While California hasn’t banned titanium dioxide yet, the state did pass a 2023 bill banning four other food additives: Red Dye No. 3, potassium bromate, propylparaben, and BVO. This has spurred ongoing debate about the use of these and many other additives in the U.S. food supply. And from 2027, a countrywide FDA ban on Red Dye No. 3 will go into effect.
This decision is part of a growing federal effort to phase out petroleum-based synthetic dyes in the U.S. food supply — especially in products marketed to children. As scrutiny around food additives intensifies, more regulatory changes could be on the horizon.
Why trust our experts?
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