Do Muscle-Building Supplements Increase Testicular Cancer Risk?

Young or old, many people want to build muscles and increase their athletic performance. You’ve likely heard about or even tried creatine supplementation. You may have also heard that muscle-building supplements can have risks, like testicular cancer. 

So is creatine supplementation safe? Does it work? Here’s the short answer: Creatine is generally considered safe and effective. Read on to learn more about the potential benefits and risks and if creatine might be right for you.

What is creatine?

Creatine is a natural chemical in the body. It is made from amino acids (methionine, arginine, and glycine). It is also a common supplement, often in powder form. And it’s popular among athletes or people hoping to build muscle mass or improve exercise performance. 

ADVERTISEMENT

ED treatment on your terms

Build a personalized treatment plan and get erectile meds delivered discreetly. Subscriptions start at just $18/mo.

Get started

GoodRx is NOT insurance. Cancel anytime. GoodRx Health information and resources are reviewed by our editorial staff with medical and healthcare policy and pricing experience. See our editorial policy for more detail. We also provide access to services offered by GoodRx and our partners when we think these services might be useful to our visitors. We may receive compensation when a user decides to leverage these services, but making them available does not influence the medical content our editorial staff provides.

Most of the creatine in the body is stored in muscles. Creatine is also in the brain, kidneys, and testicles. In the muscles, creatine is mostly stored as phosphocreatine. When you exercise, your body can use phosphocreatine as a quick source of energy.

Creatine is normally consumed in foods like red meat and seafood. If you follow a vegetarian diet, your intake will be lower.

Does creatine have health benefits?

Creatine supplementation may provide some benefits, including increased lean-muscle mass and improved exercise performance. 

Specifically, creatine supplementation may:

• Increase muscle size and strength

• Improve exercise recovery periods

• Improve exercise performance

• Increase exercise capacity

There may also be some benefits to creatine supplementation as you get older, since creatine levels naturally decrease with age. Supplementing with creatine may help prevent sarcopenia, or the loss of muscle mass and strength that happens with age. Creatine supplementation has also been studied for potential health benefits in other age-related health conditions, including Parkinson’s disease and Type 2 diabetes.

Read more like this

Explore these related articles, suggested for readers like you.

What Does Creatine Do? Overview, Benefits, and Side Effects

Having Muscle Cramps? These Foods May Help Keep Them at Bay

Can Foods Increase Libido? What the Science Says About Nutrition and Sex Drive

7 Foods That Give You Energy: What You Need to Know

View more

Side effects of creatine

Creatine supplementation can cause weight gain and water retention. Other side effects tend to be mild and may include nausea, diarrhea, and muscle cramps. You may have heard people say creatine supplementation can lead to hair loss, acne, or erectile dysfunction (ED). But there is not good evidence that it leads to these conditions.

What is the link between creatine and testicular cancer?

There have been some concerns around the use of muscle-building supplements and their effect on the testicles, including the risk of testicular cancer. The risk appears to be higher for those under the age of 25 and those who used 2 or more muscle-building supplements. 

Research shows that supplementing with pure creatine appears to be safe. But here’s the problem: You don’t always know what is in your supplement. There may be contaminants or other ingredients that might not be as safe to use. The FDA doesn't regulate supplements, so it can be hard to know what you’re consuming and what the risks might be.

Is creatine safe?

In general, yes. Studies show that short-term and lower-dose supplementation in adults is likely safe. It’s not a steroid and does not cause baldness, ED, or acne. At recommended doses, creatine is likely safe for the kidneys. It does not appear to increase the risk of cancer. 

Importantly, as with any supplement, there may be unknown risks. So it’s always a good idea to review what you are taking with your healthcare provider.

Why trust our experts?

Written by:

Christina Palmer, MD

Christina Palmer, MD, is a board-certified family physician with a special interest in chronic care management, women’s health, mental health, and preventive care. She has over 10 years of experience in primary care research, innovation, and practice.

Edited by:

Sophie Vergnaud, MD

Sophie Vergnaud, MD, is the Senior Medical Director for GoodRx Health. An experienced and dedicated pulmonologist and hospitalist, she spent a decade practicing and teaching clinical medicine at academic hospitals throughout London before transitioning to a career in health education and health technology.

Reviewed by:

Sarah Gupta, MD

Sarah Gupta, MD, is a licensed physician with a special interest in mental health, sex and gender, eating disorders, and the human microbiome. She is currently board certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.

Our editorial standards

Meet our experts