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Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine Coupon - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg/325mg/40mg tablet

butalbital / acetaminophen / caffeine

Generic Fioricet (no equivalent to most commonly-filled generic strength)
Used for Tension Headache
Used for Tension Headache

Fioricet is a combination medication containing butalbital, acetaminophen, and caffeine. It's taken by mouth as needed, typically every 4 hours, to treat tension headaches. But it's not a first-choice option because it can become habit-forming and can worsen headaches if taken too frequently. In addition, Fioricet can cause side effects, such as sleepiness and dizziness. It's available as pills and an oral syrup.

Reviewed by:
reviewer
Kristianne Hannemann, PharmD
reviewer
Robert Chad Hakim, PharmD, BCCCP
Last reviewed on March 6, 2023
BasicsWarningsSide effectsPros & consPharmacist tipsFAQsDosageInteractionsCostContraindicationsAlternativesLatest newsImagesReferencesPricesMedicare
basics-icon

What is Fioricet?

What is Fioricet used for?

  • Tension headaches

How Fioricet works

Fioricet is a combination of three medications that work together to help relieve headache pain.

  • Butalbital is a barbiturate that works by raising the levels of chemicals that cause your brain to relax.

  • Acetaminophen is an analgesic. It stops the production of certain chemicals in your brain, which can help relieve pain.

  • Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. It blocks a natural chemical in your body called adenosine. It's unclear exactly how caffeine works to treat headaches, but it's thought to boost the pain-relieving activity of acetaminophen.

Are you looking for information on Fiorinal (butalbital / aspirin / caffeine) instead?
When does Fioricet start working?
Time passed since treatment started:
MINUTES
HOURS
DAYS
WEEKS
MONTHS
Initial effect
Full effect

Drug Facts

Common BrandsFioricet, Esgic, Zebutal, Vtol LQ
Drug ClassBarbiturate / Analgesic / Adenosine antagonist
Controlled Substance ClassificationControlled in some states. See FAQs below.
Generic StatusLower-cost generic available
AvailabilityPrescription only
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Avg retail price
$32.65(save 65.09%)
GoodRx discount
$11.40
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basics-icon

What are the side effects of Fioricet?

The following side effects may get better over time as your body gets used to the medication. Let your healthcare provider know immediately if you continue to experience these symptoms or if they worsen over time.

Common Side Effects

  • Drowsiness
  • Lightheadedness
  • Dizziness
  • Loss of awareness (sedation)
  • Trouble breathing
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Feeling "high" (intoxicated)

Other Side Effects

  • Headache
  • Shaking
  • Feeling agitated
  • Excessive sweating
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Muscle weakness
  • Fast heart rate
  • Seizures
  • Confusion

Serious Side Effects

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following.
  • Signs of overdose: not responding to sound or touch, extreme sleepiness, slowed breathing, nausea, vomiting, sweating, tiredness, restlessness, shaking, confusion, stomach pain, dark urine, yellowing of your skin or eyes, loss of consciousness
  • Withdrawal: seizures, delusions, restlessness, trouble sleeping, shakiness
  • Serious allergic reaction: trouble breathing, hives, swelling of the face, mouth, tongue, or throat
  • Serious skin reaction: painful skin rash, blisters, skin itching or peeling
When do Fioricet possible side effects begin and end?
Time passed since treatment started:
MINUTES
HOURS
DAYS
WEEKS
MONTHS
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Nausea
Trouble breathing
Confusion
Seek immediate medical care if you experience this side effect.

Source: DailyMed

The following side effects have also been reported

Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:

More common

Lightheadedness

shortness of breath

Incidence not known

Abdominal or stomach pain

black, tarry stools

bleeding gums

blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin

blood in the urine or stools

blurred vision

change in the frequency of urination or amount of urine

chills

cough

diarrhea

difficulty with breathing

difficulty with swallowing

dizziness

drowsiness

dry mouth

fainting

fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat or pulse

flushed or dry skin

fruit-like breath odor

hives, itching, or skin rash

increased hunger

increased thirst

increased urination

joint or muscle pain

loss of appetite

nausea or vomiting

pinpoint red spots on the skin

puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue

red skin lesions, often with a purple center

red, irritated eyes

seizures

shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet

sore throat

sores, ulcers, or white spots in the mouth or on the lips

sweating

swelling of the feet or lower legs

tightness in the chest

trembling or shaking of the hands or feet

troubled breathing

unexplained weight loss

unusual bleeding or bruising

unusual tiredness or weakness

weakness

Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur:

Symptoms of overdose

Confusion as to time, place, or person

dark urine

difficult or painful urination

dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position

fever

general feeling of discomfort or illness

hallucinations

headache

holding false beliefs that cannot be changed by fact

increased sweating

irregular, fast or slow, or shallow breathing

light-colored stools

loss of appetite

pale or blue lips, fingernails, or skin

restlessness

sudden decrease in the amount of urine

sweating

trouble sleeping

unpleasant breath odor

unusual excitement, nervousness, or restlessness

vomiting of blood

yellow eyes or skin

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:

More common

Relaxed and calm

sleepiness

Incidence not known

Anxiety

bloated

constipation

continuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in the ears

depression

earache

excess air or gas in the stomach or intestines

false or unusual sense of well-being

full feeling

hearing loss

heartburn

heavy eyelids

high energy

hot spells

hyperventilation

irritability

numbness

pain in the leg

passing gas

sluggishness

stuffy nose

tingling sensation

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

pros-and-cons

Pros and cons of Fioricet

thumbs-up

Pros

Available as a lower-cost, generic medication

Combination of three medications in a single dosage form (e.g., pill, liquid), which is more convenient

Available in a liquid form as a fruit punch-flavored syrup

Can be used in people as young as 12 years old

thumbs-down

Cons

Can cause misuse and physical dependence, so it's a controlled substance in some states

Not a first-choice medication for treating tension headaches

Might cause liver damage because of the acetaminophen

More difficult to customize the dose since it's a combination of three medications

pharmacist-tips

Pharmacist tips for Fioricet

pharmacist

  • Fioricet can make you sleepy, dizzy, and lightheaded. Don't drive or use any heavy machinery until you know how the medication affects you.

    • Avoid alcohol while taking Fioricet because it can make you more drowsy and dizzy, raise your risk of accidental injuries and liver damage, and worsen headaches

      • Take Fioricet exactly as your provider instructed you to. Don't change your dose or stop taking Fioricet without talking to your provider first. To stop the medication, they might need to lower your dose slowly before stopping it completely. This lowers your risk of getting withdrawal symptoms, such as seizures, hallucinations, and worsening of headaches.

        • Make sure to tell your provider about all of the medications you're taking before starting Fioricet. Don't start any new medications while taking Fioricet without talking to your provider first to make sure the combination is safe to take.

          • Many over-the-counter and prescription medications contain acetaminophen. Don't use other medications containing acetaminophen unless your provider specifically said it was okay for you to do so. Ask your provider or pharmacist if you aren't sure if a certain medication contains acetaminophen.

            • Store Fioricet at room temperature in a place out of reach from children due to the life-threatening risk of accidental overdose and misuse. If you don't need to take Fioricet anymore, choose a medication take-back option to get rid of it safely.

              • If you or someone you know accidentally overdoses on Fioricet, get emergency medical help or call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 right away.

                • For the liquid form: Make sure to only use a medication dose cup or oral syringe from the pharmacy to measure out your dose. Don't use household spoons because they aren't accurate and might cause you to take the wrong dose.

                  faqs

                  Frequently asked questions about Fioricet

                  What's the difference between Fioricet and Fiorinal?
                  Fioricet and Fiorinal are both used to treat tension headaches. Both medications contain butalbital and caffeine, but Fioricet also has acetaminophen whereas Fiorinal contains aspirin. Unlike acetaminophen, aspirin also treats inflammation and swelling. Neither medication is considered a first-choice option for treating tension headaches. Another difference is that while Fiorinal is a schedule III controlled substance, Fioricet might or might not be classified as a controlled substance in your state. This is because Fioricet is currently on the DEA list of exempted prescription products, meaning it's up to the individual states how they regulate it.
                  Is Fioricet a controlled substance?
                  Fioricet is a controlled substance in some states. Because it contains butalbital, a medication that can be misused and cause dependence, some state governments place strict regulations on Fioricet. But it's not classified as a controlled substance in all states because it contains acetaminophen. Initially, regulators believed that the acetaminophen in Fioricet discourages people from misusing Fioricet. This is because taking too much acetaminophen can cause harm, such as liver damage. So regulators left it up to the states to decide on how to classify Fioricet. But recent data shows that the acetaminophen in Fioricet might not be enough to stop people from misusing this medication. There's a possibility that the classification of Fioricet might change in the future.
                  Can I drink coffee while taking Fioricet?
                  It's recommended to limit caffeine because Fioricet already contains caffeine. The maximum dose of Fioricet is 6 doses per day, which equates to 240 mg of caffeine. For comparison, an 8-ounce cup of coffee contains 95 mg to 165 mg of caffeine. According to the FDA, 400 mg of caffeine is considered a safe amount for adults that won't cause dangerous side effects. Too much caffeine can lead to nervousness, shakiness, restlessness, trouble sleeping, and a fast heart rate. If you experience these symptoms, avoid other sources of caffeine and use the lowest possible amount of Fioricet.
                  Can I take other pain medications while I'm taking Fioricet for pain?
                  You might be able to take other pain medications, like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve), with Fioricet if you need more relief for your headache. These medications work differently to ease pain and they can help lower the amount of Fioricet you need to relieve your symptoms. Taking less Fioricet means you're not as likely to experience the dangers or side effects of taking this medication. But don't take other medications containing acetaminophen (Tylenol). Fioricet already contains acetaminophen, and you might accidentally take too much acetaminophen if you take these other medications and Fioricet together. This can lead to serious liver damage. Before using other pain medications with Fioricet, speak with your healthcare provider to make sure it's safe for you to do so. Other pain medications still carry risks that shouldn't be ignored (e.g., heart risks, kidney problems).
                  Is it safe to use Fioricet during pregnancy?
                  There haven't been enough strong clinical studies looking at Fioricet and its effects on pregnancy, so it's not completely known how safe it is during pregnancy. A study found that Fioricet could potentially raise the risk of heart problems in unborn babies. In addition, there has been a report of a newborn experiencing withdrawal seizures at birth. This is likely related to the fact the mother took a medication with butalbital during the last two months of pregnancy. If you're pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant, discuss the risks and benefits of using Fioricet with your provider.
                  Is it safe to use Fioricet during breastfeeding?
                  It's not known how safe Fioricet is during breastfeeding because it hasn't been well-studied. All three medications in Fioricet can pass into breastmilk in small amounts, but it's unclear how they affect the nursing baby. There has been a report of poor feeding and vomiting in a breastfed baby whose mother who took Fioricet every 6 hours for 24 hours. If you're breastfeeding, let your provider know because it's likely that they'll switch you to a different medication for your headaches.
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                  What are the risks and warnings for Fioricet?

                  Fioricet can cause some serious health issues. This risk may be even higher for certain groups. If this worries you, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about other options.

                  risk-warning

                  Liver damage

                  • Risk factors: Drinking alcohol | Taking other medications containing acetaminophen | Taking too much Fioricet | History of liver problems

                    Taking too much acetaminophen can cause liver damage that can be permanent and life-threatening. For adults, the maximum amount of acetaminophen is 3 or 4 grams in a 24-hour period, depending on your provider's instructions.

                    Speak to your provider before using Fioricet if you have liver problems since it can cause further damage to your liver. Also, avoid drinking alcohol while taking Fioricet because this combination can harm your liver too.

                    Signs of liver problems include dark urine, feeling tired, upset stomach or stomach pain, or yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. If you notice any of these symptoms, call your provider right away.

                    risk-warning

                    Difficulty concentrating and extreme sleepiness

                    • Risk factors: Taking high doses of Fioricet | Age 65 years or older | Drinking alcohol | Taking other medications that can cause sleepiness

                      Fioricet can cause extreme sleepiness and lower your ability to think, react, and focus. Don't drink alcohol or take other medications that can cause sleepiness or "brain fog", such as pain medications or antidepressants, with Fioricet. Doing so can worsen these side effects. Make sure you know how this medication affects you before driving a car or doing activities that require your concentration. Talk to your healthcare provider right away if you feel too sleepy from taking Fioricet.

                      risk-warning

                      Serious skin or allergic reactions

                      • Risk factors: History of serious skin reactions | Allergy to acetaminophen (Tylenol)

                        Fioricet contains acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can rarely cause life-threatening skin reactions and allergic reactions. If you're allergic to acetaminophen, don't take Fioricet. If you develop symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, mouth, or throat, trouble breathing, itchy red rash (hives), or vomiting, stop taking Fioricet and call for emergency medical help right away. If you develop symptoms of a skin reaction, such as a reddening or peeling of the skin, painful rash, or fluid-filled blisters, stop taking Fioricet and go to the emergency room right away.

                        risk-warning

                        Misuse, dependence, and withdrawal

                        • Risk factors: Taking Fioricet longer than prescribed | Taking higher doses of Fioricet than prescribed | Taking Fioricet more often than prescribed

                          Fioricet contains butalbital, which can be habit-forming. Misuse of Fioricet can lead to dependence, accidental overdose, and even death. Doing so can also cause withdrawal symptoms, like seizures, restlessness, trouble sleeping, and shakiness, if you lower your dose or stop taking the medication suddenly. To lower the risk of physical dependence, don't take Fioricet longer than prescribed, at higher doses than prescribed, or more often than prescribed.

                          Call for emergency medical help if you have any symptoms of taking too much butalbital, including sleepiness, trouble breathing, dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness. If you no longer want to take Fioricet, talk to your healthcare provider so they can instruct you on how to stop taking the medication safely. Speak to your healthcare provider about alternative treatments if you have concerns about taking Fioricet.

                          dosage

                          Fioricet dosage forms

                          The average cost for 30 tablets of 50mg/325mg/40mg of Fioricet is $11.40 with a free GoodRx coupon. This is 65.09% off the average retail price of $32.65.
                          capsule
                          Capsule
                          DosageQuantityPrice as low asPrice per unit
                          50mg/300mg/40mg30 capsules$20.93$0.70
                          50mg/325mg/40mg30 capsules$47.65$1.59
                          tablet
                          Tablet
                          DosageQuantityPrice as low asPrice per unit
                          50mg/325mg/40mg30 tablets$11.40$0.38

                          Typical dosing for Fioricet

                          There are several manufacturers and brand names of this medication. The dose might differ slightly and each pill might contain different amounts of acetaminophen depending on which manufacturer and formulation of the medication you're using.

                          Be sure to check your prescription for specific instructions. In general:

                          Fioricet and its generic: Each pill contains 50 mg of butalbital, 300 mg of acetaminophen, and 40 mg of caffeine.

                          • Adults and children 12 years and older: The typical dose is 1 to 2 capsules by mouth every 4 hours as needed for pain. The maximum dose is 6 capsules in a 24-hour period.

                          Zebutal, Esgic, and generic tablets: Each pill contains 50 mg of butalbital, 325 mg of acetaminophen, and 40 mg of caffeine.

                          • Adults and children 12 years and older: The typical dose is 1 to 2 capsules or tablets by mouth every 4 hours as needed for pain. Don't take more than 6 pills in a 24-hour period.

                          Vtol LQ oral solution: Each tablespoonful (15 mL) contains 50 mg of butalbital, 325 mg of acetaminophen, and 40 mg of caffeine.

                          • Adults and children 12 years and older: The typical dose is 15 mL (1 tablespoon) to 30 mL (2 tablespoons) by mouth every 4 hours. Don't take more than 90 mL (6 tablespoons) in a 24-hour period.

                          interactions

                          Interactions between Fioricet and other drugs

                          Fioricet may interact with certain medications or supplements. Always let your doctor and pharmacist know about any other medications or supplements (including prescribed and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements) that you are currently taking. The list below does not include all possible drug interactions with Fioricet. Please note that only the generic name of each medication is listed below.

                          Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.

                          • Riociguat
                          • Viloxazine

                          Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.

                          Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.

                          drug-cost

                          How much does Fioricet cost?

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                          contraindications-icon

                          Fioricet contraindications

                          Contraindications are specific health conditions or situations in which a person should not take a medication due to safety concerns. If you have any of the following conditions or if any of the following apply to you, let your healthcare provider know because Fioricet will not be safe for you to take.

                          • Porphyria (a condition that affects your skin and nerves)

                          alternatives

                          What are alternatives to Fioricet?

                          There are a number of medications that your doctor can prescribe in place of Fioricet. Compare a few possible alternatives below.
                          Fioricet
                          Used for:

                          • Tension headaches

                          $11.40 Lowest GoodRx priceView Prices
                          Excedrin Migraine
                          Used for:

                          • Migraine - Excedrin Migraine

                          • Minor aches and pains (e.g., headache, arthritis, muscle aches, toothache, menstrual cramps, common cold) - Excedrin Extra Strength

                          $4.83 Lowest GoodRx priceView Prices
                          images

                          Fioricet images

                          Blue Round West-Ward 787 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is Blue, Round Tablet Imprinted With "West-Ward 787".Blue Round West-Ward 787 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          Blue Round Lci And 1695 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is Blue, Round Tablet Imprinted With "1695" And "Lci".Blue Round Lci And 1695 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round Watson And 3369 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "Watson" And "3369".White Round Watson And 3369 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round C17 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "C17".White Round C17 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Oblong Mia 110 - BAC 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Oblong, Scored Tablet Imprinted With "Mia 110".White Oblong Mia 110 - BAC 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Oblong Mia 110 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Oblong, Scored Tablet Imprinted With "Mia 110".White Oblong Mia 110 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round V And 2355 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "V" And "2355".White Round V And 2355 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round 123 And Bac - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "123" And "Bac".White Round 123 And Bac - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round 123 And Bac - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "123" And "Bac".White Round 123 And Bac - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          White Round G 149 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is White, Round Tablet Imprinted With "G 149".White Round G 149 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          Blue Round T 24 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet
                          This medicine is Blue, Round Tablet Imprinted With "T 24".Blue Round T 24 - Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine 50mg-325mg-40mg Tablet

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                          References

                          Best studies we found

                          Actavis Pharma, Inc. (2021). FIORICET- butalbital, acetaminophen, and caffeine capsule [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          Browne, M. L., et al. (2014). Maternal butalbital use and selected defects in the national birth defects prevention study. Headache.

                          Davis, A., et al. (2016). The dangers of NSAIDs: Look both ways. The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

                          View All References (17)

                          Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). (2023). Butalbital. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

                          Fischer, M. A., et al. (2022). Medication-Overuse Headache. StatPearls.

                          Gerriets, V., et al. (2022). Acetaminophen. StatPearls.

                          Granules Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2023). BUTALBITAL, ACETAMINOPHEN AND CAFFEINE tablet [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          Lipton, R. B., et al. (2017). Caffeine in the management of patients with headache. The Journal of Headache and Pain.

                          Mayne Pharma Inc. (2022). ESGIC- butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine capsule [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          Mayne Pharma Inc. (2022). ZEBUTAL- butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine capsule [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          Millea, P. J., et al. (2002). Tension-type headache. American Family Physician.

                          Monarch PCM, LLC. (2022). VTOL LQ- butalbital, acetaminophen and caffeine syrup [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2020). Porphyria.

                          Sellers, E. M. (1988). Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: Clinical management. Canadian Medical Association Journal.

                          Skibiski, J., et al. (2022). Barbiturates. StatPearls.

                          Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. (2022). BUTALBITAL, ACETAMINOPHEN AND CAFFEINE- butalbital, acetaminophen, and caffeine capsule [package insert]. DailyMed.

                          U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2016). FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns of rare but serious skin reactions with the pain reliever/fever reducer acetaminophen.

                          U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2022). Schedules of controlled substances: exempted prescription products. Regulations.gov.

                          U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2023). Table of exempted prescription products.

                          U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much? 

                          GoodRx Health has strict sourcing policies and relies on primary sources such as medical organizations, governmental agencies, academic institutions, and peer-reviewed scientific journals. Learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate, thorough, and unbiased by reading our editorial guidelines.
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