Needle Exchange Programs: How They Can Help Reduce the Risk of Drug Overdoses

When it comes to the challenge of substance use disorder, there aren't any easy solutions. While not everyone agrees on the best way to solve the problem, the research is clear: Needle exchange programs increase public safety and can help save lives. 

Let’s explore how these programs work and dispel some common myths about them.

What are needle exchange programs?

Needle exchange programs provide sterile needles and outlets for safe needle disposal. Needle exchange programs also offer a range of other public health services (more on that below).

Needle exchange programs are part of the harm reduction approach in public health. Harm reduction offers ways to reduce the risks associated with drug use. Many substance use disorder prevention programs focus on abstinence. But the goal of harm reduction is to increase safety. Organizations that practice harm reduction seek to meet people wherever they are. They offer judgment-free support for people living with addiction.

Research shows that needle exchange programs provide many benefits, including helping to stop the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. They also can reduce the risk of drug overdose. If you or someone you know uses drugs, needle exchange programs may be a good option. 

What services do needle exchange programs offer?

Needle exchange programs provide sterile needles and facilitate the safe disposal of used syringes. But they also offer many other services. These may vary from one center to another. 

According to the CDC, many needle exchange programs provide:

• Screening and treatment referrals for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

• Screening and treatment referrals for viral hepatitis and HIV

• Preventative education about opioid overdose

• Training on safer injection practices

• Medical care, including treatment for abscesses and wounds

• Vaccinations

• Distribution of naloxone (Narcan), a medication that can save lives by reversing an opioid overdose

• Referrals to substance use disorder treatment programming

• Referrals to social, mental health, and other medical services

It’s important to note that needle exchange programs do not try to make people stop using drugs. Rather, their focus is on keeping people who use drugs safe. Nonetheless, needle exchange programs do help some people overcome a substance use disorder. 

According to the CDC, people who use these programs are five times more likely to seek treatment. They’re also three times more likely to stop or cut back on their IV drug use.

How do needle exchange programs benefit the community?

Research shows that needle exchange programs benefit communities in a variety of ways, including:

• Reducing infections from needles

• Reducing drug overdose deaths

• Protecting first responders from needle exposure

• Removing dangerous "needle litter" from public spaces

• Increasing access to vaccinations, testing, and other healthcare services

• Increasing access to substance use disorder treatment

• Helping to prevent the spread of infectious diseases (such as viral hepatitis and HIV)

In caring for people navigating substance use disorders, needle exchange programs can strengthen communities. Their presence serves as a powerful reminder that all people deserve support, while also raising awareness about substance use disorders.

Why are needle exchange programs sometimes controversial?

Despite these benefits, there remains some public concern about needle exchange programs. Some people believe that they encourage drug use or make communities less safe. 

Unfortunately, these misconceptions can make it harder for people to access critical services.  The truth is, research shows that needle exchange programs do not increase drug use or crime. Instead, they prevent the spread of disease and make communities safer. 

Stigma plays a large role in how some people feel about needle exchange programs. For example, a large nationwide study revealed some discouraging sentiments about needle exchanges. Only 39% of the adults surveyed supported having these services in their communities.

The study also revealed stigma against people who use drugs. The people who disapproved of syringe programs also disapproved of people who use drugs. These findings show how stigma can impact access to care. They also highlight the need for more public education about addiction.

Where can I find the nearest syringe exchange program?

To find the nearest needle exchange program, begin by searching online. A database such as the North American Syringe Exchange Network (NASEN) is a good place to start.

You can also talk to your local health department or your healthcare provider. Sometimes pharmacies, treatment centers, or other community programs also offer needle exchange services. But keep in mind not all providers believe in harm reduction for substance use disorder. If you have a local harm reduction center, this may be a good place to go for judgment-free support.

Lastly, you may be able to find a needle exchange in your area through word-of-mouth. Someone with addiction experience may be aware of local resources for safer drug use.

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Written by:

Liz Talago, MEd

Liz Talago, MEd, is a mental health content writer and strategist whose work is infused with clinical expertise, behavioral science, and empathic storytelling. After spending years on the front lines of mental health care, Liz now partners with mission-driven organizations across the globe to create digital tools and experiences that enhance well-being.

Edited by:

Renée Fabian, MA

Renée Fabian is the senior pet health editor at GoodRx. She’s worked for nearly 10 years as a journalist and editor across a wide range of health and well-being topics.

Reviewed by:

Emily Guarnotta, PsyD

Emily Guarnotta, PsyD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and certified perinatal mental health professional with over 10 years of clinical experience.

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