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Methotrexate Coupon - Methotrexate 2ml of 25mg/ml vial

methotrexate

Generic
Used for Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Leukemia, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Used for Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Leukemia, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Methotrexate is a chemotherapy medication that’s used to treat many different types of cancer, including leukemia, osteosarcoma, and head and neck cancer, among others. This medication is also used to treat some non-cancer conditions, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is given as an injection. For low doses, you can sometimes get injections at a brief visit to the provider’s office. But for higher doses, you might need to stay in the hospital for a couple days. Methotrexate side effects include low white blood cells, mouth sores, and nervous system problems.

Last reviewed on December 5, 2023
basics-icon

What is Methotrexate?

What is Methotrexate used for?

Cancer:

Non-cancer conditions:

How Methotrexate works

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite medication that treats many types of cancers and non-cancer conditions (like arthritis and psoriasis).

  • For cancer: Methotrexate works by blocking dihydrofolate reductase, a protein in your body that’s important for making DNA in cells and for cell growth. Since cancer cells grow much more quickly than healthy cells, the medication helps slow down cancer growth so the cancer can’t spread as well.

  • For non-cancer conditions: We don’t know exactly how methotrexate works to treat non-cancer conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. But research suggests that, at lower doses, it blocks the immune system from becoming too active. For psoriasis, the medication might also help slow down the growth of skin cells.

Are you looking for information on methotrexate tablets (Trexall) or Xatmep (methotrexate) oral solution instead?

Drug Facts

Common BrandsNone
Drug ClassAntimetabolite
Controlled Substance ClassificationNot a controlled medication
Generic StatusLower-cost generic available
AvailabilityPrescription only

More on Methotrexate essentials

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What are the side effects of Methotrexate?

The following side effects may get better over time as your body gets used to the medication. Let your healthcare provider know immediately if you continue to experience these symptoms or if they worsen over time.

Common Side Effects

  • Mouth sores
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Stomach pain
  • Tiredness
  • Dizziness
  • Chills
  • Fever
  • Infection
  • Higher liver enzyme levels in blood
  • Low white blood cells
  • Low platelet levels

Serious Side Effects

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following.
  • Serious infections (from having low white blood cell counts): temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, with or without other symptoms, such as chills, cough, muscle aches, very fast heartbeat, confusion
  • Low platelets: blood in urine or stool, nosebleeds, unexplained bruising or bleeding, bruising or bleeding that doesn’t go away
  • Serious lung problems: sudden cough, fever, difficulty breathing
  • Serious liver problems: nausea, vomiting, tiredness, stomach pain or swelling, pale-colored stool, dark-colored urine, yellowing of the whites of the eyes or skin
  • Serious nervous system problems: headache, confusion, vision changes, difficulty talking, difficulty moving one side of the body, seizure, coma
  • Serious skin reactions: painful blisters, skin wounds, peeling skin, fever, sore throat, body aches
  • Allergic reaction: rash, difficulty breathing, swelling of the mouth or around the eyes

Source: DailyMed

The following side effects have also been reported

Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:

More common

Black, tarry stools

bleeding gums

blood in the urine or stools

bloody vomit

diarrhea

increased heartbeat

itching, rash, reddening of the skin

joint pain

nausea

pinpoint red spots on the skin

sores in the mouth or lips

stomach pain

swelling of the eyelids, face, lips, hands, feet, or lower legs

swelling or inflammation of the mouth

trouble breathing

unusual bleeding or bruising

vomiting

yellow eyes or skin

Less common

Back pain

bloody nose

blurred vision

body and muscle pain

burning while urinating

confusion

continuing ringing, buzzing, or other unexplained noise in the ears

cough or hoarseness

cracked, dry, scaly skin

dark urine

dizziness

drowsiness

ear congestion

fever or chills

headache

loss of appetite

loss of hearing

loss of voice

lower back or side pain

painful or difficult urination

pale skin

runny nose

seizures

sneezing

sore throat

stuffy or runny nose

unusual tiredness or weakness

weight loss

white or brownish vaginal discharge

Incidence not known

Anxiety

blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin

bloating

blurred or change in vision

changes in skin color

confusion

constipation

decreased interest in sexual intercourse

difficulty in moving

dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position

dry mouth

dryness or soreness of throat

eye pain

fruit-like breath odor

heartburn

inability to have or keep an erection

increased hunger or thirst

indigestion

irritation in the mouth

large, flat, blue, or purplish patches in the skin

loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance

loss of consciousness

menstrual problem

night blindness

pain in the chest or groin

pain, redness, swelling, or tenderness in the arm or leg

red skin lesions, often with a purple center

red, wart-like spots on the skin

sudden loss of coordination

sudden onset of slurred speech

swelling or soreness of the breasts

swollen, painful, or tender lymph glands in the neck or armpit

tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or lips

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:

More common

Hair loss or thinning

Less common

Blemishes on the skin

hard, red, swollen skin irritation

pimples

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

pros-and-cons

Pros and cons of Methotrexate

thumbs-up

Pros

Recommended treatment for many cancer types and other conditions

Doesn’t typically cause hair loss

Available as a lower-cost generic

thumbs-down

Cons

Typically given as an injection by a healthcare provider

Might cause serious kidney problems, especially when given at high doses

Can raise your risk for serious infections

pharmacist-tips

Pharmacist tips for Methotrexate

pharmacist
  • The dose of methotrexate for treating cancer and non-cancer conditions is very different. Lower doses are more common for non-cancer conditions (like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis), whereas higher doses are typically used to treat cancers. Your provider will make sure you’re taking the right methotrexate dose for your specific medical condition.

    • Be sure to get any lab tests or scans that your provider orders. These tests help your provider check that methotrexate is safe for you.

      • If you’re taking methotrexate for a non-cancer condition (such as psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis), your provider might recommend taking folic acid supplements to help prevent side effects from methotrexate. Make sure that you take only the dose that your provider recommends and carefully follow your provider's instructions.

        • If you’re taking methotrexate to treat cancer, check your temperature on a regular basis. Call your provider as soon as you can if you have a fever (a temperature that’s 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher). A fever could be the only sign that you’re sick, and it’s important for your provider to know if you get sick.

          • Before you get any vaccines, let your provider or pharmacist know that you’re taking methotrexate. Some vaccines might work less well for you during treatment. But you should avoid getting live vaccines because of the risk of infection from the vaccine itself. Your provider can make sure you can get the vaccine that you’re interested in.

            • Don’t start or stop any new medications without first talking to your provider. There are many medications you shouldn’t take with methotrexate because they can raise your risk for side effects. Your care team can make sure all your medications are safe to take together.

              • You shouldn’t breastfeed while you’re taking methotrexate and for 1 week after your last dose. We don’t know whether the medication passes into human milk. But because of the way methotrexate works, it could harm a breastfeeding infant.

                More on Methotrexate tips

                faqs

                Frequently asked questions about Methotrexate

                Is methotrexate a chemotherapy drug?
                Yes, methotrexate is considered chemotherapy because it kills cells that grow quickly. The medication works by blocking a protein that’s important for helping cells grow and divide. When methotrexate is used to treat cancer, it helps kill cancer cells. But at the same time, it can also kill other healthy, fast-growing cells in your body. This can cause side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and mouth sores, particularly when methotrexate is given at higher doses for cancer. Keep in mind that methotrexate can also be used at lower doses to treat autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, with a lower risk of chemotherapy side effects.
                What medications I should avoid while I’m taking methotrexate?
                If you can, avoid or be careful taking medications that can interact with methotrexate. Some medications can raise your risk for side effects when they’re taken together with methotrexate. These medications include certain antibiotics such as amoxicillin and doxycycline, heartburn medications like omeprazole (Prilosec), and NSAIDs like ibuprofen (Advil). In addition, folic acid supplements can make methotrexate work less well to treat cancer (though the supplements help prevent side effects when methotrexate is used for non-cancer conditions). Your healthcare team will review your medication list before you start methotrexate to make sure it’s safe for you to take. Don’t start any new medications during treatment without first talking to your provider.
                Do I have to go to the hospital to take methotrexate?
                It depends. For lower doses (less than 100 mg/m2 to 500 mg/m2), you typically don’t need to be in the hospital to get methotrexate injections. You can go to a provider’s office or infusion center for your dose, and then go home. But for high-dose methotrexate (usually doses of 500 mg/m2 or more), you’ll need to stay in the hospital for a few days. You’ll need close monitoring to keep you safe since high doses have a greater risk of causing side effects. As examples, you’ll need IV fluids to help prevent kidney problems. Your care team will also draw your blood often to check how much methotrexate is still in your body after your dose. You’ll stay in the hospital until methotrexate is below a certain level in your body and your provider determines it’s safe for you to go home.
                Can I take methotrexate if I have kidney problems?
                Maybe, it depends on how well your kidneys are working. Your body gets rid of methotrexate from its system mainly through your kidneys. So, the medication might stay in the body longer and build up in people with kidneys that don’t work as well. This can raise the risk of side effects. methotrexate itself can also cause kidney damage. Speak with your provider about whether methotrexate is safe for you to take if you have kidney problems. Your provider will regularly check your kidney health during treatment with lab tests.
                Is methotrexate safe in pregnancy?
                No, methotrexate isn’t safe to take during pregnancy. Based on animal studies and on the way the medication works, it can harm an unborn baby. If you or your partner can get pregnant, you should use reliable birth control while you’re taking methotrexate. Keep using birth control for 6 months after the last dose for females or for 3 months after the last dose for males. Tell your healthcare team right away if you or your partner becomes pregnant while you’re taking methotrexate.
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                What are the risks and warnings for Methotrexate?

                Methotrexate can cause some serious health issues. This risk may be even higher for certain groups. If this worries you, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about other options.

                risk-warning

                Harm to unborn baby

                Methotrexate can cause harm to an unborn baby and pregnancy loss (miscarriage) when it’s taken during pregnancy. For this reason, you can’t take this medication for non-cancer conditions if you’re pregnant.

                In general, it’s best to avoid becoming pregnant while you’re taking methotrexate. If you or your partner can become pregnant, you should use reliable birth control while you’re taking methotrexate. Keep using birth control for 6 months after the last dose (for females) or for 3 months after the last dose (for males). Contact your provider right away if you or your partner gets pregnant during treatment.

                risk-warning

                Allergic reaction

                Some people have experienced allergic reactions to methotrexate. Let your nurse or provider know right away if you have any symptoms of a reaction such as itching, fever, nausea, trouble breathing, or a fast heartbeat. Get medical help as soon as possible if you have an anaphylactic reaction, such as hives, swelling in the face or lips, or throat tightness.

                risk-warning

                Contains potentially harmful preservative

                • Risk factors: Newborns and low birth weight infants | Intrathecal injections of methotrexate

                  Some methotrexate products for injection have a preservative called benzyl alcohol. This preservative can be dangerous for very young babies, people taking high-dose methotrexate, and people getting the medication as an intrathecal injection (into the fluid of the spinal cord). These people shouldn’t use methotrexate products containing benzyl alcohol because of the risk of nervous system problems from the preservative. Talk to your provider if you have concerns.

                  risk-warning

                  Low blood cell counts

                  Methotrexate can cause low blood cell counts, particularly in people taking the medication at doses for cancer treatment. When your red blood cells are low, you might feel more tired. And when your platelets are low, you’re at risk for bleeding. In addition, low white blood cells put you at risk for serious and life-threatening infections.

                  Your provider will check your blood cell counts before you start methotrexate and every so often during treatment. Your provider will pay close attention to your white blood cell counts. If your counts are too low, your provider might make adjustments to your treatment to give your body time to make new blood cells.

                  It’s important to lower your risk of getting sick by washing your hands often and avoiding crowds. Check your temperature regularly, and call your provider right away if your temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.

                  risk-warning

                  Serious infections

                  People who take Methotrexate have a higher risk of getting sick, particularly from opportunistic infections (infections that usually only happen when the immune system is weak). Sometimes, providers prescribe additional medications, such as antibiotics and antiviral medications, to prevent infections. This typically depends on what condition you’re taking methotrexate for and what other medications you’re taking. Contact your provider right away if you feel sick, such as having a fever, muscle aches, severe tiredness, cough, or trouble breathing.

                  risk-warning

                  Kidney damage

                  • Risk factors: High-dose methotrexate

                    Methotrexate can cause kidney damage, sometimes leading to problems like permanent kidney failure. People who already have kidney problems or who are taking high-dose methotrexate are at higher risk for kidney damage. Your provider will monitor your kidney health closely during treatment. Your provider will also follow certain recommendations (such as extra intravenous hydration) to protect your kidneys if you take high-dose methotrexate.

                    risk-warning

                    Liver damage

                    • Risk factors: Heavy alcohol use | Liver problems

                      Though uncommon, some people taking methotrexate have developed liver problems, including cirrhosis or liver failure. Talk to your provider about the benefits and risks of taking this medication if you have liver problems.

                      Your provider will check your liver health with lab tests. High liver enzyme levels on your test results can suggest liver damage. Also tell your provider if you have symptoms of liver damage, like nausea, stomach pain, or yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. You might need to pause methotrexate while your provider examines your liver health.

                      risk-warning

                      Serious nervous system problems

                      • Risk factors: High-dose methotrexate | Intrathecal injections of methotrexate | Previous radiation to the brain

                        Some people taking methotrexate have had serious nervous system problems including headache, confusion, seizures, difficulty moving one side of the body, vision changes, and coma. The risks of nervous system problems appear highest in people taking high-dose methotrexate or getting intrathecal injections of methotrexate.

                        Sometimes, these symptoms are temporary and completely go away. Other times, they can be permanent. Your provider will regularly perform exams to check your nervous system while you’re taking methotrexate. But contact your provider right away if you have any symptoms between office visits.

                        risk-warning

                        Damage to the digestive tract

                        • Risk factors: Peptic ulcer disease | Ulcerative colitis

                          Sometimes, methotrexate causes vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, stomach bleeding, or tears in the gut. Your provider might recommend antiemetics such as ondansetron (Zofran) to help with nausea or loperamide (Imodium A-D) to treat diarrhea. Seek medical help right away if you have sudden stomach pain or bloody stool.

                          risk-warning

                          Lung problems

                          Some people who’ve taken methotrexate have had a serious lung problem called interstitial lung disease (ILD). These lung problems can sometimes be permanent or life-threatening. Talk to your provider right away if you have a sudden or worsening cough, trouble breathing, and fever. You might need to pause or stop methotrexate while your provider examines your lungs.

                          risk-warning

                          Serious skin problems (including skin burns)

                          • Risk factors: Previous radiation | Previous sunburn

                            Methotrexate can cause serious skin problems, including severe and potentially life-threatening skin reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Tell your provider right away if you start having painful blisters, skin wounds, or peeling skin. These are signs of a serious skin reaction that need immediate medical attention.

                            Methotrexate might also cause skin burns from being out in direct sunlight or from previous radiation. You should avoid sun exposure when possible. If you’re going outdoors, wear sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 and clothes that protect your skin. Let your provider know if you get a sunburn or have painful skin while you’re taking methotrexate.

                            risk-warning

                            Effect on folic acid levels in the body

                            Folic acid, also called folate, is a B vitamin that helps cells grow and make DNA. To treat cancer, methotrexate works by stopping your body from making folate. This lowers the amount of folate in your body, which causes cancer cells to die. Most people who take methotrexate for cancer shouldn’t take folic acid supplements because they can make methotrexate work less well to treat your cancer.

                            But when methotrexate is used for autoimmune conditions such as psoriasis, regularly taking folic acid is important for replenishing the important nutrient in your body and preventing certain side effects. Talk to your provider about whether or not you should take folic acid while you’re taking methotrexate.

                            risk-warning

                            Risk for new cancers

                            Some people who took methotrexate have developed new cancers. Some people reported getting cancers affecting their white blood cells (lymphoproliferative disease) even at low doses of methotrexate; the new cancer improved when they stopped the medication in these cases.

                            Your provider will check for signs of new cancers from your lab tests and your symptoms during treatment. Speak with your provider if you notice any new, unusual symptoms. You might need to pause your treatment while your provider examines you.

                            risk-warning

                            Tumor lysis syndrome

                            • Risk factors: Taking methotrexate to treat cancer

                              Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a complication of treatment if you’re taking methotrexate for cancer. This happens when cancer cells are destroyed and the cells release what they have inside into the bloodstream. This complication can be dangerous because it can lead to high levels of uric acid and potassium in the blood, which can cause kidney or heart problems.

                              Your provider might give you extra fluids to prevent TLS. Your provider will also check your electrolyte levels often. If your lab results show signs of TLS, you might need to pause methotrexate while you get treated for this complication.

                              risk-warning

                              Changes to your ability to have children (infertility)

                              Methotrexate might cause infertility, which means you might not be able to have children in the future. People have reported low sperm count and menstrual problems. It’s unclear whether these changes are reversible. Talk to your provider about your options for fertility preservation if you’re considering having children in the future.

                              risk-warning

                              Risks with radiation therapy

                              People who are taking methotrexate with radiation treatment are at higher risk for tissue and bone damage. Talk to your provider if you’re concerned about getting radiation with methotrexate.

                              risk-warning

                              Higher risk for side effects if you have extra body fluid

                              • Risk factors: Fluid buildup in the stomach area or lungs

                                Methotrexate can build up in pockets of fluid in the body. The medication can stay in your body longer if you’ve been told that you have fluid buildup in your body, such as around your stomach (ascites) or your lungs. This can put you at risk for worse side effects from methotrexate. Your provider will check for any extra fluid in your body and manage or treat it before you start methotrexate.

                                risk-warning

                                Risk of serious side effects with dosing errors

                                Methotrexate is used to treat many different conditions (both cancer and non-cancer conditions). The doses for non-cancer conditions are very different from the doses for cancers. Methotrexate can cause serious side effects, especially when it’s used at higher doses (like for treating cancer).

                                Some people who are taking methotrexate for non-cancer conditions have taken the wrong dose and had serious, life-threatening side effects. Make sure you have a plan with your provider and you’re very clear on the dose you should be taking.

                                More on Methotrexate warnings

                                dosage

                                Methotrexate dosage forms

                                Typical dosing for Methotrexate

                                Depending on your condition, methotrexate is given as an injection into the vein (intravenously, IV); into the fluid around the spinal cord (intrathecally), into the muscle (intramuscularly, IM); or under the skin (subcutaneously, SC).

                                The dose of methotrexate can vary since it depends on what condition you’re taking the medication for. Sometimes, the dose depends on your body size or body surface area (BSA) in m2 units.

                                The manufacturer dosages for certain conditions are listed below as examples. But your dose and how often you need injections might be different depending on the specific dosing protocol that your provider uses. Your provider might adjust the dose to best fit your needs.

                                Cancer

                                • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The typical dose ranges from 10 mg/m2 to 5,000 mg/m2 IV. Lower doses (up to 30 mg/m2 per week) can be given IM.

                                • Meningeal leukemia: The dose depends on age and ranges from 6 mg to 15 mg injected intrathecally. For treatment, methotrexate is given anywhere from every other day to twice weekly. For prevention, the medication is given once weekly.

                                • Osteosarcoma: The typical dose is 12 grams/m2 IV. It’s given with other chemotherapy.

                                Non-cancer conditions

                                • Rheumatoid arthritis: The typical starting dose is 7.5 mg IM once weekly.

                                • Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis: The typical starting dose is 10 mg/m2 IM or SC once weekly.

                                • Psoriasis: The typical dose is 10 mg to 25 mg IM or IV once weekly.

                                interactions

                                Interactions between Methotrexate and other drugs

                                Methotrexate may interact with certain medications or supplements. Always let your doctor and pharmacist know about any other medications or supplements (including prescribed and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements) that you are currently taking. The list below does not include all possible drug interactions with Methotrexate. Please note that only the generic name of each medication is listed below.

                                Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.

                                Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.

                                Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.

                                drug-cost

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                                contraindications-icon

                                Methotrexate contraindications

                                Contraindications are specific health conditions or situations in which a person should not take a medication due to safety concerns. If you have any of the following conditions or if any of the following apply to you, let your healthcare provider know because Methotrexate will not be safe for you to take.
                                • History of severe allergic reaction to methotrexate

                                • Currently pregnant (only if taking for non-cancer conditions)

                                latest news

                                What is the latest news about Methotrexate?

                                images

                                Methotrexate images

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                                References

                                Best studies we found

                                Akinmboni, T. O., et al. (2018). Excipient exposure in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Journal of Perinatology.

                                Al-Quteimat, O. M., et al. (2014). Practical issues with high dose methotrexate therapy. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal.

                                American Cancer Society. (2019). How chemotherapy drugs work.

                                View All References (31)

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                                American Cancer Society. (2020). What is osteosarcoma?

                                American Cancer Society. (2023). Low red blood cell counts (anemia).

                                American Cancer Society. (2023). Low white blood cell counts (neutropenia).

                                Berg, S. L., et al. (1996). Treatment of meningeal malignancy. The Oncologist.

                                Bhojwani, D., et al. (2014). Methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology.

                                Brody, L. (2024). DNA replication. National Human Genome Research Institute. 

                                Burris, H. A., 3rd, et al. (2010). Radiation recall with anticancer agents. The Oncologist.

                                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1982). Neonatal Deaths Associated With Use Of Benzyl Alcohol -- United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

                                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). What you need to know: Neutropenia and risk for infection.

                                Czarnecka-Operacz, M., et al. (2014). The possibilities and principles of methotrexate treatment of psoriasis - The updated knowledge. Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii.

                                El-Esawy, F. M., et al. (2022). Methotrexate mechanism of action in plaque psoriasis: something new in the old view. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology.

                                El Ridi, R., et al. (2017). Physiological functions and pathogenic potential of uric acid: A review. Journal of Advanced Research.

                                Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2017), What is fertility preservation?

                                Gupta, A., et al. (2018). Tumor lysis syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association Oncology.

                                Hafner, J., et al. (2023). Intestinal perforation. StatPearls.

                                Hanoodi, M., et al. (2023). Methotrexate. StatPearls.

                                Hospira, Inc. (2023). Methotrexate injection, solution [package insert]. DailyMed.

                                Howard, S. C., et al. (2016). Preventing and managing toxicities of high-dose methotrexate. The Oncologist.

                                Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. (n.d.). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

                                Mateos, M. K., et al. (2022). Methotrexate-related central neurotoxicity: Clinical characteristics, risk factors and genome-wide association study in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica.

                                National Cancer Institute. (2021). Head and neck cancers.

                                National Cancer Institute. (2022). Gestational trophoblastic disease treatment (PDQ®)–Patient version.

                                National Cancer Institute. (2023). Non-hodgkin lymphoma treatment (PDQ®)–Patient version.

                                National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2021). Anemia and neutropenia: Low red and white blood cell counts.

                                OrthoInfo. (2022). Juvenile arthritis. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

                                Rahman, N. M. (2023). Pleural effusion. Merck Manual Consumer Version.

                                Sepkowitz, K. A. (2002). Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical Infectious Diseases.

                                Shah, N. J., et al. (2023). Acute liver failure. StatPearls.

                                Vaillant, A. A. J., et al. (2023). Lymphoproliferative disorders. StatPearls.

                                GoodRx Health has strict sourcing policies and relies on primary sources such as medical organizations, governmental agencies, academic institutions, and peer-reviewed scientific journals. Learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate, thorough, and unbiased by reading our editorial guidelines.
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